Terraform drift: vì sao hạ tầng lệch state và cách phòng tránh

The article examines Terraform drift—where real infrastructure diverges from its declared state—and outlines root causes such as environment inconsistency, uncontrolled test data, and race conditions. It prescribes containerized runtimes, pinned dependencies, layered testing strategies, and improved observability (metrics, logs, traces via OpenTelemetry) to detect and prevent drift. A practical checklist and FAQ address retry policies, distinguishing flaky tests from flaky code, and prioritizing metrics over logs.