The Three Types of Vaccine Skepticism That Have Plagued Medicine for Centuries

Vaccine skepticism isn't a modern crisis born from social media—it's been a persistent challenge since inoculation was first introduced in the 18th century. Thomas Levenson's new book reveals that anti-vaccine arguments fall into three recurring categories: those rooted in genuine misbelief, those motivated by financial greed, and those spread by cynical manipulators. Recognizing these historical patterns is essential for understanding how misinformation spreads and designing effective strategies to counter vaccine hesitancy today.